The Stock Market A Competitive Advantage For Corporate...

Nestlà © S.A is a globalized packaged-goods producer formed in 1866, during a time when international trade began to flourish. With a portfolio of more than 200 brands such as Gerber, Nesquik, Nestea, Poland Spring, Purina and Stouffers, Nestlà © has been in business for 150 years and operates in 189 countries (Bollinger, 2017). Today Nestlà ©s products include milk, chocolate, confectionery, bottled water, coffee, creamer, food seasoning and pet food (bloomberg, 2017). Today Nestlà © is one of the most hated companies in the world, whether it be for corporate crimes or general lack of human appreciation, protest and boycotts tend to follow this company. Although this may be the case, Nestlà ©s stock still manages to maintain a strong dividend, a†¦show more content†¦In most places where Nestlà © gathers water is affected greatly, specifically by the production of mineral water. This abuse of vulnerable water resources is a long term environmental issue. According to the Corporate Watch, in 2001, residents of the Serra da Mantiqueira region of Brazil began to investigate the changes in the water and dry out of one of the springs. They discovered that Nestlà © was pumping large amounts of water from a well 150 meters deep. This water was then demineralized and became table water for â€Å"Pure Life.† Water needs hundreds of years inside the earth to have all the minerals necessary, overpumping decreases mineral content. The â€Å"Citizens for Water† movement turned Nestlà © into the authorities of Brazil, due to demineralizing being illegal. Although Nestlà © lost, pumping is still continuing to take place as the appeal process is taking place. Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s marketing and false advertising in baby food has caused another corporate crime. According to the World Health Organization, â€Å"an estimated 1.5 million infants die each year because of inappropriate feeding, because children vulnerable to disease are being bottle-fed on breastmilk substitutes rather than breastfed whenever possible.† Nestlà © has been a large contributor inShow MoreRelatedAudit and Wall Street13173 Words   |  53 Pages................................................................................................... 3 Strategy (or lack thereof) ........................................................................................................ 3 Company Culture .................................................................................................................... 5 Corporate Governance .........................................................................................................Read MoreIntroduction to Large Scale Organizations18988 Words   |  76 Pagesenabling groups of people to work in a planned and coordinate way to achieve a common goal or objective Classifying LSO s *Number of employee s exceeds 200 (according to the ABS) *Revenue (gross income) is in the millions of dollars *Total assets or market capitalisation (no. of shares x share value) is over $200 million *Profit after tax is still in the millions *Extent of operations (multinational or transnational) *Management structure (there must be a clear distinction between the owners and managers) Read MoreProject on Risk Management46558 Words   |  187 PagesBusiness Finance INDIAN INSTITUE OF FINANCE CORPORATE GUIDE: MR. ASHOK SHARMA ASST. MANAGER AGRA BRANCH, AGRA UTTAR PRADESH. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Expressing gratitude is not just an exercise of formality rather doing so evokes the memories of my association with my mentors and mates. I thank Chairman Prof. J. D. Agarwal and Director Aman Agarwal for allowing me to carry out this project. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my corporate guide, Mr. Ashok Sharma for guiding me to understandRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreFins3616 Answers Homework36964 Words   |  148 Pagesmentions revenue enhancing opportunities such as global branding, advantages of size and scope, and flexibility in marketing and distribution; operating cost reductions through access to low-cost labor or raw materials, flexibility in sourcing or production, and economies of scale or vertical integration; and business strategies such as follow the customer, lead the customer, follow the leader, and building capacity directly in a foreign market (going local). *Read MoreSummary of Text Book: Essentials of Management Information Systems8717 Words   |  35 Pagesinformation system. Major Business Functions (In JSB) Manufacturing Assembling the product, checking for quality, producing bills of materials Sales and Marketing Identifying customers, making customers aware of product, and selling the product Human Resources Hiring employees, evaluating job performance, enrolling employees in benefits. Finance and Accounting Paying creditors, creating financial statements, managing cash accounts Terms Information vs Data (Pg. 13) Data is raw. InformationRead MoreAn Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Nigerian Society: the Examples of Banking and Communication Industries18990 Words   |  76 Pagesimpact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemer’s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: davfol@yahoo.com, Tel No.: 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian society, Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR] has been a highly cotemporary and contextual issue to all stakeholders including the government, the corporate organizationRead MoreCsr Communication in the Pharma Industry35538 Words   |  143 PagesNielsen MA in Corporate Communication Ã…rhus, Denmark. August 2010 CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Josà © Javier Levrino Table of contents Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Delimitation 1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 Scientific paradigm: hermeneutics Qualitative research approach Theoretical framework Analysis of websites 1.4.4.1 Selection criteria 1.4.4.2 Data collection 1.5 Structure 2. Theoretical framework 2.1. Corporate CommunicationRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesVIEW Strategic Human Resource Management Taken from: Strategic Human Resource Management, Second Edition by Charles R. Greer Copyright  © 2001, 1995 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein thatRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagessystem. The review identified as advancement in the management field and growing complexity in corporate sectors demand more capable HR, so mare appraisal of employee’s performance is not sufficient. Employee’s contribution should be aligned with organizational objectives and strategy. Performance management eliminates the shortcomings of performance appraisal system to the some extent. Keywords: Human resource (HR), HR development, performance appraisal, performance management, performance evaluation

Real Estate Global Report Example

Essays on Real Estate Global Report Essay Real E s in Switzerland Switzerland’s real e market is characterized by high demand because of stable governance and strategic location. In Geneva, more than sixty percent of the residences live in rental houses because the prices of the houses are high. Also, the high demand leads to stiff competition among buyers thus leading to scarcity. Ownership of land and houses in Geneva is regulated by the ownership rights that define the priorities given to the native and foreign people. In the case of Swiss citizens, nationals of members of the European Union (EU) and other parties with the EU/EFTA B residence permits have the right to own land in Geneva. Another group that is allowed to own land include the Non-EFTA nationals with permanent resident certification in Switzerland. Companies that are based in Switzerland and controlled by people who are restricted by the regulations above can also own all types of real estates in Switzerland. In the case of EU and EFTA cross-border commuters, they can own second homes whose location is close to their workplaces. In the case of Non-EU/EFTA nationals who reside in the city, they can only own main residence in Geneva (Hoesli, Martin, Giaccotto, and Favarger, 101). Groups that must acquire an ownership permit before buying real estates in Geneva include foreign nations who reside outside Switzerland, non-EU citizens who live in Switzerland without a settlement permit. Companies operating in Switzerland, but with their head office outside Switzerland, must also obtain a license before owning real estate in Geneva. Another restricted group is companies that are legally registered in Switzerland, but non-residents own the control share. Buyers who conduct the transactions on behalf of third party are also required to obtain a permit before owning land in the city. New housings are being developed Switzerland where up to 65%of the new development are rental houses. In comparison to members of the EU, there are few single owner house that are currently available in Geneva. The main developers in the city are real estate companies who obtain land from the authorities and develop high-end cities. For instance, the major developments are located in the Greater Geneva Berne Area (GGBA). Here the developments are conducted by private developers. They improvise the designs such that the final city shall have all the basic amenities and services. Here, they include business centers technology parks, roads, recreation centers and security stations ((Hoesli, Martin, Giaccotto, and Favarger, 106). Prices are the main determiners of the owners of these new developments. As a result, companies opt to buying land outside the city, where the prices are considerably low. Although there are few cases, other developments include apartments and residential houses . They include spring -Chamsey and Collonge-Bellerive Apartments. Such developments are mainly located on the outskirts of the city. Here, the developments are done on the demolished buildings, which are basically too old for the market price. Regardless, the prices remain higher than in most of the other countries in the EU. In conclusion, Geneva city enjoys high demand for residential and business residents. The high demand leads to high prices of land ad property in the city result, most of the houses are rental. The ownership regulated residents, and members of EU/EFTA are given priority. In the case of foreigners, they have to obtain a permit from the authorities. Finally, it noted that there are few developments, where concentration is in the GGBA region. Work cited. Hoesli, Martin, Carmelo Giaccotto, and Philippe Favarger. "Three new real estate indices for Geneva, Switzerland."  The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics  15.1 (1997): 93-109.

Walt Disney Company Free Essays

Walt Disney is a well-known name in today’s society. Walt Disney once stated, â€Å"You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world but it requires people to make the dream a reality† (Sparks, 2007). Marty Sklar, Vice Chairman and principal creative executive for Walt Disney Imagineering was quoted as saying, â€Å"From the beginning, starting with Walt Disney, we have had five tings that make me proud to be a part of this company: high quality, products, optimism for the future, great storytelling, an emphasis on family entertainment and great talent, passion and dedication from our cast members. We will write a custom essay sample on Walt Disney Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Walt Disney has come a long way, but it is still true to its core mission of providing quality entertainment for people around the world (Walt Disney, Culture). Since its founding in 1923, the Walt Disney Company continues to produce unparallel entertainment experiences leading a diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise (Walt Disney, Company overview). With its mission to be one of the world’s leading producers and providers of entertainment, Walt Disney continues to seek and develop the most creative experiences (Walt Disney, Who we are). Walt Disney’s values are what make the company stand out. These values are innovation, quality, community, storytelling, optimism and decency (Walt Disney, Culture). These values and culture is what reinforces their commitment and responsibility to the people in their organization. The services include talent acquisition, learning and development, employee services and events, and communication (Walk Disney, Business Standards and Ethics). Even though Disney locations throughout the world have many similarities, the biggest difference is in the culture. Each location offers culture that coincides with the location and its evident when each location was created, a lot of thought was put into making sure that the environment and culture would appeal to that community (Sparks, 2007). Part of this is due to the communication that frequently highlights initiatives and strategies as well as employee recognition, business conduct and ethics practices and social responsibility practices (Walt Disney, Business Standards and Ethics). Walt Disney realized early on that in order to be successful, training and organizational behavior methods would need to be implemented. The desire for all his employees to be customer responsive led to the development of the Disney Institute in 1986. The variety of training and the benefits of the training supplement the organizational culture of the company. Due to the detailed thought that went into training shows by the customer satisfaction with the show of jam packed theme parks year round (Sparks, 2007). The training deals with organizational behavior concepts including decision making, motivation, group behavior, communication, organizational culture, organizational structure and human resources practices. The Disney Institute created classes to teach employees how to create organizational culture along with observing group behavior and teaching motivation. As a result, other companies seek this training from the Disney Institute. The Institute also includes traditions which submerge the employees into the dream and mission of Disney and how Walt wanted the company to continue even after his death (Sparks, 2007). With the culture that Disney created, employees need to feel that they are valued as individuals and vital to the team. Disney has created this with open communication throughout the chain of command, comprehensive training and rewards. As a result, Disney has one of the lowest attrition rates for any company in the United States. The basic belief is that if you do not have happy employees, you cannot have happy guests. Disney’s philosophy of how to treat employees has been passed on year after year and is an example of organizational culture and an example of human resources practices (Sparks, 2007). One way Disney utilizes the communication from its employees is by using a 120 questions survey about management performance. These surveys convey if the is effective communication between management and employees. After the surveys are completed, staff meetings are held to discuss staff concerns and resolutions are discussed. These meetings are usually held within three weeks to show employees that Disney is concerned about the welfare of their employees and to help satisfy them. Walt Disney Company believes that every cast member and staff have valuable information that can be shared through ongoing communication efforts. As we can see, communication is as important as the company’s values are (Sparks, 2007). As with any company, strong beliefs, values and communication are needed in order for a company to succeed. Founded in 1923, the Walt Disney Company has maintained these strong beliefs, values and communication needed to ensure its success today. The success in employee training with the Disney Institute has led to other companies seeking their help (Sparks, 2007). This just strengthens the fact that Walt Disney Company has never wavered from its mission to be one of the world’s leading producers and providers of entertainment. References: Sparks, W. (September 23, 2007). The Magic of Disney’s Organizational Behavior Concepts. Retrieved March 20, 2011 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/381660/the_magic_of_disneys_organizational.html?cat=3 Walt Disney Company. (n.d.). Business Standards and Ethics. Retrieved March 20, 2011 from http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/cr_human_resources.html Walt Disney Company. (n.d.). Company Overview. Retrieved March 20, 2011 from http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/overview.html Walt Disney Company. (n.d.). Culture. Retrieved March 20, 2011 from http://corporate.disney.go.com/careers/culture.html Walt Disney Company. (n.d). Who we are. Retrieved March 20, 2011 from http://corporate.disney.go.com/careers/who.html How to cite Walt Disney Company, Papers

Critical Evaluation Report Quantitative Study †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critical Evaluation Report Quantitative Study. Answer: Introduction Critical appraisal of a journal involves evaluating the research article systematically to determine its trust-worthiness, appropriateness and relevance to a particular context (Polit, 2016). Southern-Australian University has given various models for research critiquing as CASP (Critical-appraisal skill program), PEDro scale (Physiotherapy-evidence database), CONSORT, JADAD score, etc. The journal of Annals of Emergency-Medicine is an international journal that is published by the American-college of emergency physicians to improve the quality of medical-care.Annals are the largest circulating peer-reviewed journal in emergency- medicine with more than 33,000 subscribers. It has the highest impact-factor of 5.008 and is also cited longer than other emergency- medicine journals for 9.6 years as compared to 5.1 years of circulation of the competitor journal (Callaham, 2017).These informations about Annals motivate me to use this research in my practice confidently and provide quality- care. The authors Bugden, Scott, Clark, Johnstone and Shean are experts in the emergency-medicine field. The first four authors are from the Centre of applied health-economics, Menzies Health-institute (Queensland) of Griffith University. They are experienced in the NHMRC centre for research with excellence in nursing field and they have experience in Centre for health-practice innovations of Queensland. This study was conducted in Caboolture community hospital, Queensland at the north of Brisbane with 52,000 ED cases annually. The authors contributions motivates me to use the given research findings confidently in my practice to reduce the peripheral-intravenous catheter failure. Abstract The title is highly clear and congruent with the text. They have stated the objectives as to evaluate whether the failure of peripheral-intravenous (IV) catheters could be minimised by the skin-glue application with standard securement which is clear, specific and achievable. They have stated the aims/hypothesis as whether the failure rate of peripheral-IV catheters could be reduced by the skin-glue application and standardized securement and research design as single-site, 2-arm, non-blind, randomized-controlled trial and the samples of 360 adults with peripheral-IV catheter. They have given about the control (standard-securement) and experimental group (skin-glue with standard-securement) with study-instruments for primary outcomes (within 48 hours) and secondary outcomes (occlusion, site-infection, phlebitis/ dislodgement). They have given the findings based on the objectives with conclusions. Structuring the Study They have demonstrated their motivation for this study through an elaborate review of literature. According to the study, peripheral-IV catheters are inserted in nearly 80% of the hospitalized patients, with majority of the insertions in ED (Limm, 2013). Among which 33%- 69% of IV-devices fails prematurely due to infections, occlusions, phlebitis and/or dislodgement (Marsh, 2015a). This failure occurs mostly due to the improper fixation of peripheral-IV catheters in patients skin. Additionally, there is no clear evidence to show the best methods to secure peripheral-IV catheters. A newer method to improve the fixation of peripheral-IV catheter by using skin-glue (cyanoacrylate) at the insertion-site is employed in this study. Marsh (2015b) has stated the PIVC inserted in wards showed a reduction in failure-rate. The literatures quoted were current, relevant and comprehensive with correct reference citations. They could have included more evidences to describe about the failure rate o f skin-glue and the effect of skin-glue in reducing occlusion, phlebitis and dislodgement as like infection. There are no studies to compare skin-glue method with current best comparators to generalize the results. They have conducted a single insertion-site, two-armed RCT in 360 adults with 380 peripheral-IV catheters in ED and were randomized by Randomizers for clinical-trial software in 1:1 ratio; without blocking/stratifying to both standard-securement and skin-glue group. The skin-glue patients received one drop of cyanoacrylate-glue at the insertion-site and below the catheters hub. The standard care was carried-out based on Queensland- Departmental guidelines (2015) and measured the primary and secondary outcomes. They have stated the hypothesis as the skin-glue application on the insertion-site of peripheral-IV catheters in ED would minimize the failure rate at 48 hours which is a scientific hypothesis that explains the expected relationship between variables (Polit, 2016). They have not given hypothesis for secondary outcomes. The hypothesis indicates that the researchers are interested in testing the relationships of application of skin-glue with catheter failure rate. Sample The sample was adequately described. In this study, the samples were selected by 1 of 3 research nurses (trained ED) in ED for 16 hours/day for a period of 7 days/week. They have selected patients those who requires hospital admission and are 18 or more years of age with patent peripheral-IV catheter inserted in upper-limb with intact skin and that is inserted by an ED nurse/physician and those gave written- informed consent. They have determined a sample size of 174 in each of two groups as standard care and skin-glue group. They have selected only the samples having one peripheral- IV catheter and have confirmed the peripheral- IV catheters patency by flushing 10-mL of 0.9% saline into it. They have excluded patients who are known case of allergic to skin glue or standard securement material, presence of infection, phlebitis or thrombosis near the catheter, agitated patients, non-English samples without interpreter. Data collection The researchers have collected base- line demographic details as well as confounder (possible) details at the time of enrollment by using structured questionnaires with components as age, gender, intake of medications, number of PIVCs, insertion site, right or left upper- limb, professional who has inserted, PIVC gauge and hours from insertion to intervention and follow-up. The primary outcomes were measured in-person through direct visualization (for hospitalized patients) or through telephonic conversation (for discharged patients) at 48 hrs or more (Rickard, 2012, Webster, 2010). The authors have collected data for secondary outcomes through direct observation, chart- review as well as standardized client questionnaire. The data was collected by one of the three research nurses. The data are not described adequately. They have not mentioned the method of measuring study variables but they have described only the variables. For ex: they have described that they are measuring phlebi tis but the method of measuring phlebitis (scores or rating scales) are not described. The authors have measured the data for primary outcomes through the demographic and confounder details in both standard-securement and skin-glue group and for secondary outcomes as infection, occlusions, dislodgment and phlebitis through direct observation, reviewing the clients medical charts and standardized clients questionnaire. The authors have not clearly explained about the origin of measurement instruments. They have just mentioned about the references from Rickard (2012) which suggests that they could have taken this reference as their guide and could have prepared the self-structured measurement instruments. They have not adequately described about their measurement instruments for both primary and secondary outcomes. The authors have only described about the questionnaire for measurement, but the method of measurement was not given. They have not validated the data collection instrument s. The reliability of the measurement instruments were not assessed and reported. Ethical issues were not discussed except issues of follow-up. Data analysis The follow- up was complete enough to take the findings credible. Even the lower rate of follow-up loss (2.8% /PIVC and 0.83%/sample) that is similar in both the groups was managed by omitting the particular patients and only the patients with complete data were taken for analyses. They have not blinded the patients and staffs as it was impossible due to the subtle- color and appearance of skin- glue present at the time of intervention with follow-up. The research nurses were also not masked as they should allocate samples to skin- glue group and determine the integrity of intervention. There are significant differences (10%) (95% CI:18% to 2% with p=.02) between the failure rate of peripheral- IV catheter in skin- glue group and standard group. Significant reduction (7%) in dislodgement (95% confidence- interval: 13% to 0% with p=.04) was noted in skin- glue group. Phlebitis occlusion rates were also low in skin- glue but not statistically- significant. No infections are reported i n both groups. The statistics used is inferential statistics which is used to draw inferences from given data to general conditions in which both p-values with point-estimation (CI) were used in this study (Polit, 2016, Newcombe, 2012). The statistical analysis of primary outcomes suggests that peripheral- IV catheter failure was lower in the skin- glue group as compared to standard- group at a confidence interval of 95% at p.05 showing that there is a significant difference between both the groups and hence the statistical hypothesis is accepted (Polit, 2016). The analysis of secondary outcomes suggests that the difference between dislodgement of skin- glue group and standard- care group was statistically significant at a CI- 95% between 13% to 0% that showing increased significance difference between them p=.04 (p.05). The difference between phlebitis in both groups is less with confidence- interval of 95% between 5 to 3% and occlusion with CI 95% of 8 to 4% shows that they are st atistically significant. No evidence of infection in both groups (0%). Findings The findings of the study were expected. Enough information was presented to judge the results based on the objectives set by the researchers and have clearly and completely stated the results. The findings shows that the failure rate of PIVC was 10% lower in patients with skin-glue (17%) as compared to that of the standard group (27%) (Confidence interval 95%:18% to 2%; p=.02) and the secondary outcome of PIVC failure due to dislodgement was noted to be 7% less in the skin- glue group (7.0%) than standard group (14%) (CI 95%:13% to 0%). The failure rate of PIVC due to phlebitis as well as occlusion were found to be lowered in skin-glue group than standard group but were not statistically- significant. There are no infections in both the group. They stated that using IV lines with skin-glue are 5 times harder to fail. The individual patient analysis in standard (n=179) versus skin-glue group (n=170) shows that the PIVC failure rate was 52 and 31 and secondary failure rate was 51 and 28 respectively. The study was limited to only a particular area with local people-mix. They have not included the sclerotic drugs, anti-coagulants, potential confounders (no. of PIVC access, dwelling time) to generalize the results. The measurement of patient through telephones (n=209), might alter the results but the discharged samples were able to report complication (Rickard, 2012). PIVC failure tends to increase with dwelling time, which is not measured (Wallis, 2014). They suggested that they may proceed with cost-benefit analysis in the future, if financial needs are met. The researchers have mentioned the implications as use of skin-glue has reduced PIVC failure significantly (28%) and are simple and rapid method to carry-out in ED. There are no sufficient informations in this report to permit for replicating study. Conclusion The authors have concluded that the application of skin- glue in the PIVC insertion site along with the standardized care given by Queensland- Department of Health may minimize the rate of failure of peripheral- IV catheter in adult emergency department patients who are admitted in the hospital. The apparent reduction in the PIVC failure rate can benefit the patients by promoting comfort with outcomes and reduction of hospital admissions and costs that are caused due to complications. In 2016, Budgen found that the use of skin- glue that is made up of cyanoacrylates could make the peripheral- IV catheter lines harder and hence un-intentional removal and infection rate is reduced (HospiMedica, 2016). These findings suggest that use of skin- glue in PIVC will indirectly avoid interruption to therapy as well as prevent unnecessary anxiety and discomforts in re-inserting PIVC. Systemic sepsis that occurs in 0.1% of PIVC failure patients could also be prevented by this method (Stuart, 201 3). Relevance to nursing practice The nurses as the care takers should provide a quality nursing care to all the people at all the settings. The modern nurses have to be expertise in all the aspects of nursing care. The nurses should strive to conduct research and develop more evidences so as to enhance the nursing care by providing evidence based care to the patients. The most important role of the nurses involves preventing illness, protecting health as well as promoting health (ICN, 2010, ANA, 2010). As nurses form the primary care- giver in the emergency department of all the hospitals, they have to be expertise in various care modalities including care of peripheral- venous catheters and protect it from its premature failure and dislodgement of the catheter, infection at the catheter insertion skin site and occlusions of catheter due to blood clot or phlebitis (Rebelem, 2016). Most of the patients admitted in the emergency department of hospitals are started with peripheral IV catheter line to start infusion and medicines so as to save the life of the patient among which 33% - 69% of IV- devices fails causing discomfort to the patients. The major predisposing factor to premature device failure involves the improper fixation of the peripheral- IV catheter to the limb of patient leading to not only dislodgement but also micro-motion resulting in irritation of vein leading to phlebitis and occlusion causing entry of micro- organisms from skin into the catheter entry- site leading to severe infection (Marsh, 2015a). This form of peripheral- IV catheter failure occurs mostly after 48 hours of insertion which implies that improvement has to be made for securement in this timeframe. Hence, nurses should secure the peripheral- IV catheter with some securement especially cyanoacrylates skin- glue near the catheter insertion site to create adherence of catheter with the patients skin so as to avoid premature failure. The nurses should conduct further research to use skin- glue to prevent failures in larger population to generalize the results. The CDC guidelines (2011) has designated that replacing intravenous catheters forms an unresolved care issue that indicates need for further research (OGrady, 2011). Peripheral- IV catheter failure causes disruption in therapies of patients such as hydration therapy, antibiotic and analgesic therapy resulting in the deterioration of patients heath adversely and interrupting the treatment process. This also indirectly burdens the patients and their family members by increasing the cost, producing anxiety with discomfort of re-inserting the catheter again and again (Aymes, 2016). Hence, nurses have to increase her expertise to secure the IV line safely so as to protect the patients values and protect their lives. Further, it increases the costs of the health- care system of a country that includes increased nursing staff time in patients care, increased consumables, extended length of hospital stay with increased adverse- event managements. Even, a smaller reduction in the catheter- device failure will definitely transform in-to a larger improvements in patients care, health- outcomes and flow of health and treatment costs. Thus, by practicing skin- glue securing in patients with peripheral- IV catheter, the nurses will definitely improve the patients values and prevent subsequent morbidity, mortality, as well as reduces hospital charges (Stuart, 2013). References ANA. (2010). What is nursing?. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/Especially ForYou/StudentNurses/ What is nursingaspx Aymes, S. (2016). Skin Glue Reduces IV Failure Rate in the Emergency Department. Retrieved from https://www.acepnow.com/skin-glue-reduces-iv-failure-rate-in-the-emergency-department/ Callaham, M. L. (2017). Annals of Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of theAmerican College of Emergency Physicians. Retrieved from https://www.journals.elsevier.com/annals-of-emergency-medicine HospiMedica. (2016). IV Drip Failure Reduced by Skin Glue Application. Retrieved from https://www.hospimedica.com/critical-care/articles/294767305/iv-drip-failure-reduced-by-skin-glue-application.html ICN (2010). The ICN definition of Nursing. Retrieved fromvhttps://www.ich.in/definition.htm Limm, E.I et al. (2013). Half of all peripheral intravenous lines in an Australian tertiary emergency department are unused: pain with no gain?: Ann Emerg Med. 62:521-525. Marsh, N et al. (2015a). Devices and dressings to secure peripheral venous catheters to prevent complications [review]: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6:CD011070. Marsh, N et al. (2015b). Securement methods for peripheral venous catheters to prevent failure: a randomized controlled pilot trial: J Vasc Access.16:237-244. Newcombe, R.G. (2012). Confidence Intervals for Proportions and Related Measures of Effect Size. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1439812780 OGrady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: e16293. Polit, D.F Beck, C.T. (2016). Nursing Research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins: New Delhi. Queensland Government Department of Health. (2015). Centre for Healthcare Related Infection Surveillance and Prevention, Queensland Government Department of Health, Australia: Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) guideline. Retrieved from https://www.health.qld.gov.au/publications/clinical-practice/guidelines-procedures/diseases-infection/governance/icare-pivc-guideline.pdf. Rebelem. (2016). Should We Use Skin Glue to Secure Peripheral IVs: R.E.B.E.L. EM. Retrieved from https://rebelem.com/should-we-use-skin-glue-to-secure-peripheral-ivs/ Rickard, C.M et al. (2012). Routine versus clinically indicated replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters: a randomized controlled equivalence trial: Lancet. 380:1066-1074 Stuart, R.L et al. (2013). Peripheral intravenous catheterassociated Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: more than 5 years of prospective data from two tertiary health services: Med J Aust. 198:551-553. University of South Australia. (n. d.). Critical Appraisal Tools. Retrieved from https://www.unisa.edu.au/Research/Sansom-Institute-for-Health-Research/Research/Allied-Health-Evidence/Resources/CAT/#Randomised Wallis, M.C et al. (2014). Risk factors for peripheral intravenous catheter failure: a multivariate analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.35: 63-68. Webster, J et al. (2010). Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3: CD007798.

Gun Control The second amendment free essay sample

Today there is a lot of debate about control and whether or not people hould be aloud to have guns. President Obama has been trying his hardest to get stricter laws passed on gun regulations. His main argument is stricter background checks and limiting ammunition rounds. His argument is that this will help with gun related crimes. According to NY Times the following is a list of the items contained in the proposal: Requiring criminal background checks for all gun sales, including those by private sellers that currently are exempt. Reinstating and strengthening the ban on assault weapons that was in place from 1994 to 2004. Limiting ammunition magazines to 10 ounds. Banning the possession of armor-piercing bullets by anyone other than members of the military and law enforcement. Increasing criminal penalties for straw purchasers, people who pass the required background check to buy a gun on behalf of someone else. Acting on a $4 billion administration proposal to help keep 15,000 police officers on the street. We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Control The second amendment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Confirming President Obamas nominee for director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Eliminating a restriction that requires the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to allow the mportation of weapons that are more than 50 years old. Financing programs to train more police officers, first responders and school officials on how to respond to active armed attacks. Provide additional $20 million to help expand the a system that tracks violent deaths across the nation from 18 states to 50 states. Providing $30 million in grants to states to help schools develop emergency response plans. Providing financing to expand mental health programs for young people. A lot of people misinterpret the proposal to go as far as saying that they are trying o take the guns away from average Joes. Some say that this is Just what we need. One of the main questions being asked is if this is the first step to the government taking away our rights completely. However, on April 17, 2013, the US Senate voted against the gun control law. The vote was a close one with 57 votes in favor and 47 against. The vote only needed 60. This was a close race but many of the senators who are up for re-election made a last minute flip in order to keep the popularity in their state. As an advocate for gun rights, I often wonder if Obama has a bigger agenda. On person properly train using a firearm doesnt need extra ammunition. I also agree with the background checks, but not as far back as some think they will go. Every state should regulate background checks and a person who has ever spent time in a mental facility or had treatment for severe mental disorders should not be allowed to possess or own a firearm. As President Obama continues his quest for gun control, only time will tell what his full agenda is. Questions will continue to be asked if we should ban guns or if it will even help society to ban firearms.

Basseri Nomads of Iran Essays

Basseri Nomads of Iran Essays Basseri Nomads of Iran Paper Basseri Nomads of Iran Paper * The Basseri Nomads of Iran The nomads of the Middle East are a vast and diverse group of people who travel in tribal groups across the lands. The Basseri people of Iran are a nomadic group of people that inhibit the mountainous regions of southern Iran. Like many other nomadic tribes in the Middle East, theirs is a rich history that at times has involved persecution and forced change by foreign invaders, religious rule, domestic oppression. The Basseri are a Persian speaking tribe of tent-dwelling pastoral nomads. They primarily migrate in the steppes and mountains of the Fars province, south, east and north of Shiraz in Iran. They do not â€Å"occupy† any exclusive part of Iran but instead own the right to migrate along a route called â€Å"il rah†. They follow this route, which varies every year due to vegetation maturation cycles, as part of their migratory cycle. This migration is planned, scheduled and approved by the tribes through the tribal chief known as the Khan. The Basseri live in tents with each household occupying their own tent. The tent is the basic family unit in Basseri society. The average household has at least sixty sheep but may have as many as one hundred. During prime migratory seasons as many as forty different tents may make camp together, combine their flocks with several herding units and function as a migratory camp. These larger camps are the primary units of the nomadic society and function similarly to a small village of a sedentary society. When two or more of these larger migratory camps combine they are called an â€Å"Oulad†. An Oulad may share a common lineage and consist of ninety or more families. A level above the Oulad, is the Basseri tribe, which may have a population as large as some 15,000 members. The Oulads have a political allegiance to the Basseri tribal chief. The Basseri tribe has political allegiance to a powerful tribal chief, with little or no notion of common descent. Their allegiances are that of a purely political allegiance and not allegiances derived from familial ancestry, territory, or religious affiliations. The different Basseri tents or camps are free to move and join other groups within the Oulad at any time. Often, inter-tent or camp quarrels are resolved simply by one tent or camp moving to join other communities. The communities within the Oulad do not view other Basseri communities as any type of threat. The Basseri people are unified under one powerful Basseri tribal chief, or Khan. The Khan has great power and prestige and members of his family are also viewed as the â€Å"elite† within the Basseri communities. The Khan often has substantially greater income than that of the average Basseri, typically collected in the form of taxes from other tribesman and Oulads, personal and tribal investments in land holdings, etc. Because of his great wealth the Khan’s generosity and hospitality is expected to be boundless. The Khan’s main function is to allot land for pasturing the flock, scheduling and coordinating the migrations, and settling disputes. He also has the responsibility of representing the tribe to sedentary authorities and looking out for the tribe’s interests. Camps and Oulads seek out strong chiefs and submit themselves to him seeking his protection and help safeguarding their interests. It is important to remember that for the Basseri people â€Å"a tribe† is a political concept and allegiance and not merely an ethnic concept. The unity of the tribe depends wholly on their loyalty to the chief. To earn his tribe’s trust and loyalty he Khan deals directly with the members of his tribe not the intermediaries. The Basseri tribal people are Muslim. However, they do not self-identify as Muslim first. They are deeply spiritual people known for their focus on shrines, belief in the â€Å"evil eye†, exorcisms, and other supernatural influences. As nomads, much of the structure of the Muslim mosque observances, such as holy days are religious rites, are not often followed. In fact, the Basseri have taken special pride in their lax approach to religion. There is no historical evidence of religious fanaticism, they claim no special piety or favor in the eyes of Allah. The Basseri’s central rite observed is the Spring migration. As pastoral nomads their survival and prosperity is dependent upon the land and nature. Therefore, they feel a need to be in tune with their environment and protect it as many other Muslims would feel about their mosques. The Basseri people value their freedom, both political and religious, in comparison to that of settled communities. 1. 1. Social Change 1. 2. 1. Sedentarism? 1. 2. 2. Education and Western influences 1. 2. 3. Environmental changes 1. 2. 4. Urban sprawl References Amanolahi, S. (2003). Socio-Political Changes among the Basseri of South Iran, Iran the Caucasus, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (2003), pp. 261-277. Retrieved on September 12, 2011 from jstor. org/stable/4030980 Barth, Fredrik (1961). Nomads of South Persia. Boston: Little, Brown Co. Retrieved on September 12, 2011 from archive. org/stream/nomadsofsouthper002252mbp#page/n0/mode/2up No Author (No Date). Persian of Iran. Retrieved on September 12, 2011 from joshuaproject. net/people-profile. php? peo3=14371rog3=IR ZEIDAN, D. (1995). THE MIDDLE EAST HANDBOOK, INFORMATION ON STATES AND PEOPLE GROUPS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, VOLUME 4 NOMADS OF THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieve on September 12, 2011 from angelfire. com/az/rescon/MEHBKNMD. html

An Analysis of Hong Kong Property Trend Dissertation - 1

An Analysis of Hong Kong Property Trend - Dissertation Example The first research method is the questionnaire method which was conducted on 498 subjects. The second research method was the interview method which was conducted on 16 subjects. The subjects of the research were investors and buyers of the Hong Kong property. With the research, the problem areas of this consistent price increase has been pointed out and the researcher has made plausible recommendations to resolve these issues. Government intervention has to be strengthened. Taxes, should be levied, supply of land has to be increased to meet the demand by auctioning government owned land, construction of compact and multi-storeyed buildings along with construction of reasonably priced accommodation schemes by the government in an attempt to control prices by satisfying demand. Moreover, property ownership laws should be stricter and resale of land should be time limited to help control the prices of Hong Kong property and to avoid a price bubble burst. Table of Contents Chapter1-Intr oduction 1.1 Chapter introduction 1 1.2 Introduction 1 1.3 Background 1 1.4 Problem Definition 2 1.5 Aims of the Research 3 1.6 Motivation of Author 4 1.7 fields of investigation 4 1.8 Hypotheses 6 1.9 Methodology and sources of the data in the research 6 1.10 Layout of the research report 7 1.11 Conclusion 8 Chapter 2-Literarture Review 9 2.1 Chapter Introduction 9 2.1.1 Residential market 9 2.1.2 Commercial real estate 10 2.2 PEST analysis 11 2.2.1 Political /Legal 11 2.2.2 Economic 12 2.2.3 Social factor 14 2.2.4 Technological factor 16 2.3 Porter Five Force analysis 18 2.3.1 Bargaining power of the buyers 18 2.3.2 Barging power of suppliers 19 2.3.3 Potential development of substitute products 20 2.3.4 Industry competitors (rivalry among competing firms) 20 2.3.5 Potential entry of new competition 21 2.4 BCG Matrix 22 2.5 SWOT analysis 23 2.5 1 Strengths 23 2.5.2 Weaknesses 24 2.5.3 Opportunities 25 2.5.4 Threats 25 2.6 Market analysis 27 2.6.1 Population increase 27 2.6.2 The M ainland Chinese buyers 28 2.6.3 Measures taken by the government 29 2.6.4 Other factors for price increase in the real estate 31 Chapter 3-Methodology 32 3.1 Chapter Introduction 32 3.2 Role of the Researcher 32 3.3 Methods 34 3.3.1 Subject description 34 3.4 Questionnaire Method 35 3.5 Questionnaire 38 3.6 Interview Method 39 3.7 Data collection and compilation 42 3.8 Trustworthiness of the method 44 3.8.1 Reliability 44 3.8.2 Validity 44 3.8.3 Ethical validity 45 3.8.4 Generalized validity 45 Chapter 4- Findings and result analysis 46 4.1 Introduction 46 4.2. Hypothesis 1- 46 4.3 Hypothesis 2- 52 4.4 Hypothesis 3- 57 4.5 Hypothesis 4- 62 Chapter 5- Conclusion and Recommendations 69 5.1 Chapter Introduction 69 5.2 Conclusion 69 5.3 Recommendations 75 5.3.1 Laws of reselling 75 5.3.2 Increase land supply 76 5.3.2.1 Auction government land 76 5.3.2.2 Multi-story buildings 76 5.3.2.3 Resolve property issues 77 5.3.3 Levy taxes on unused property 77 5.3.4 Decrease demand 77 5.3.4.1 Inc rease interest rate 77 5.3.4.2 Raise property ownership regulations 78 5.3.5 Limit on the amount of land owned 78 5.3.6 Appreciate property 78 5.3.7 Price ceiling 79 5.3.8 Undergoing more construction 79 5.3.9 Lack of market information 80 5.4 Limitations 80 Appendix 81 References 84 Chapter1-Introduction 1.1 Chapter introduction In this chapter, the introduction and the background of the research have been stated. The aims, objectives, hypothesis and an outline of the research h

An Imperial Antonine Woman Sculpture Analysis Research Paper

An Imperial Antonine Woman Sculpture Analysis - Research Paper Example It also has an association with the 4th century B. C artistry. The artistry of making sculptures in Italy had a stylish cycle, with every cycle having alternately realistic elements that depend on political and social happenings of the time (Daehner 88). Each stage of the sculptures, therefore, emphasized on unique representation. The imperial antonine Woman Sculpture was a work in the second century A.D. The political happenings of the time had immense influence of art. During this time, the Roman emperors’ office had prestigious offices occupied by the elite civilians. This promoted artworks. The work dates back to the early antonine period of Italian artistry. The sculpture, made in the second century is significant for its relationship with the imperial past. For instance, it may have an association with the Livia. Livia was a wife of Augustus in the imperial past (Wood 131). It also has an association with antonine women in the preceding generation after the second century. It also has it also has an association with the great and much appreciated works as the Marcus Arelius. The artistry evokes thoughts about Faustina. This was the elder and wife to Antoninus Pius. The portrait may also have links with the Faustina the younger who was their daughter. This later became the wife of Aurelius. The sculpture has its adaptation in the roman culture. It is a depiction of the high-class and women with high commemoration. It was a depiction of the highly valued women in the roman culture of the times. The great-embodied figure of the artistic work shows the woman of the Italian culture who has a lot of dignity and respect in the society. The high value displayed in the artistry has an association with distinguished women of the times. The veil had erotic an association (James and Dillon 459). The hair was a sign that had a link with modesty in women. The palla, piece of cloth wrapped on the head and extends over the back, had an association

Health History assessment interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health History assessment interview - Essay Example The next step in the medical assessment is to go through initial physical exams such as electrocardiogram, thyroid function test, blood glucose, blood lipids profile, liver function tests, electrolytes, creatinine, urea and full blood count. The patient, KB is a 67 year old male, who is married with two kids. He lives in his retirement apartment. He is originally a Nigerian but has been residing in the United States for the last thirty years. Both his kids are married and both KB and his wife are retired. After the enactment of the Affordable Care Act, the healthcare provision for senior citizens became a lot easier. Since KB is a resident of the United States and has been residing for more than thirty years, he is eligible to all the benefits provided by the Act. While previously, citizens like KB would put off their doctor appointments and treatments since they could not afford it, but now things have become quite different, and the American hospitals receive patients like KB and tend to them easily. Moreover, the presence of Medicare also ensures the health insurance for patients like KB who are elderly and have been facing very few health insurance options in the past. KB follows a cultural background of the Yoruba origination. Yoruba culture is one of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. In Yoruba medical care, their origins include getting rid of symptoms, then identifying and working at the removal of the cause of illness, and then lastly maintenance of the body to restore the holistic balance. Normal tradition of Yoruba medical care believes in general traditional medicine. These medical care traditions cover simple ailments such as psychiatry, dermatology, chest-care, midwifery, pediatric, orthopedics, circumcision and internal medicine. More complex diseases were treated by mystic medicine, while the third type of medicine, i.e. the esoteric medication is more abstract which makes use of incantation, magic, herbs, amulets

Corporate Governance on the Capital Investment Decision

Corporate Governance on the Capital Investment Decision ABSTRACT This paper investigates the factors that determine the sensitivity of the investment-cash flow relationship. The Q model assumption is used to relate the investment opportunities available to the managers with its liquidity constraints due to asymmetric information and managerial discretion of internally sourced free cash flow. The result purports that there is a positive relationship between the degree of the Investment-Cash flow relationship and Q, found in low or no dividend paying firms. It is evident that the results are in support of Myers Maljuf (Myers Maljuf, 1984) pecking order theory of the investment-cash flow relationship. Introduction Overview Through various studies over the years, different scholars and financial analysts have been able to establish a relationship of cash flow on firms investment spending. It was significantly proven by (Modigliani Miller, 1958) that a firms financial status is irrelevant for real investment decisions in a world of perfect and complete capital markets, after controlling for the cost of capital. In case of managerial discretion, based on (Jensen, 1986) free cash flow theory, firms increase investment (including projects with negative present value) based on the availability of cash flows with incentive of increasing firms value beyond level of optimal investment. Moreover, an agency costs also appreciate the borrower net worth by charging a premium on the external financing. The discussion above explains that the firms investment decisions are dependent on the availability of internal funds, as cost advantage over external fund is evident. While choosing an appropriate capital structure, there are certain trade-offs which affects the decision. These trade-offs include tax advantage through acquiring debt against the bankruptcy cost which advocates the use of equity. Keeping this in view, various different models have been supported to explain this corporate capital structure behavior. Pecking Order Theory, initially mitigated by (Donaldson, 1961) describes the financing practice as prioritizing the means of financing, which is necessary for the management to counter against asymmetric information. Either they should generate the funds internally or acquire funds externally through debt rather than equity. Implications to the pecking order theory involves the positive impact of leveraging on the market price, which means, financing through debt sends a positive signal into the market about the firms future prospects. Furthermore, intermediaries also undermine the role of management as the financial intermediaries such as investment banks function as the insider to the firm. Consequently, keeping an eye on the firms operations and influencing the firms capital financing decision. However, Pecking order theory of (Myers Maljuf, 1984) argues that the firms operating in imperfect or incomplete capital markets where the cost of external capital exceeds that of internal funds, the financial structure may be appropriate to the investment decisions of companies facing uncertain prospects. Gauging the level of corporate investment in any firm is based on the corporate governance; market position of a firms asset against its book value can be termed as Tobins q ratio. Identified by (Chung Pruitt, 1994), Tobins q as proportion of firms market value to replacement cost of its assets. Tobins q can be considered an effective tool for determining financial performance as the data can be collected readily from a balance sheet. When calculating Tobins q ratio, the replacement cost can be determined approximately by the book value of firms plant and equipment. Approximate q can be replaced with the actual Tobins q to make the calculations unproblematic and data can be readily available without any discrepancies. Problem Statement To study the impact of corporate governance on the capital investment decision through cash flow and Tobins q interaction in relation with Capital Investment HypothesEs H0: Firms cash flow having a significant impact on its capital investment will be linked with high Q values. (FCF Theory) HA: Firms being liquidity constrained due to least payout will have significant investment-cash flow sensitivity, and will be linked with high Q values in the market. (PO Theory) Outline of the study The report contains the contemplation of research data that will study the phenomenon of cash flows and investment discussed earlier in this paragraph. The study categorizes firms according to characteristics (such as dividend payout, size) which will help measure the level of constraints faced by firms. The study will help readers to understand the complexities of Pecking order theory and Free Cash Flows concept with regard to asymmetric information available and corporate governance which influences decision of the firms. To measure the effect that cash flow-financed (internally sourced) capital spending and Q has on firms investment, Ordinary Least Square Regression model will be used to estimate the function. To compute the influence on the Investment, instruments used are: (1) Cash Flow, (2) Approximate q, and (3) an interaction of both variables are created. Through studying the parameter estimates of interaction variable, positive influence on investment will support the Pecking Order hypothesis and negative influence will govern the Free Cash Flow hypothesis. The equation hypothesized in the next part is linear. Definitions Pecking Order Theory: (Myers Maljuf, 1984): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A firm is said to follow a pecking order if it prefers internal to external financing and debt to equity if external financing is used.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Free Cash Flow Theory According to (Jensen, 1986), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“free cash flow theory, high cash flow and low debt create agency costs associated with conflicts between manager and share holder over the payout of this free cash, which is the cash left after the firm has invested in all available positive net present value projects.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Capital Structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A careful and systematic analysis of how claims against a corporations assets can or should be determined, assessed, and accounted for.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Riahi-Belkaoui, 1999) Capital Investment Decision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Capital Investment decisions are those decisions that involve current outlay in return for a stream of benefit in future years.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Drury, 2006) Tobins q à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tobins q is a measure of investors expectations concerning a firms future profit potential. It is defined as the ratio of the market value of a firm to the replacement cost of its assets.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Strecker, 2009) Literature Review Vogt (Vogt, 1994) explained the capital spending behavior of companies with respect to change in dividend cash paid, cash flows, sales, and market value of assets. The regression equation models the variables to proportion of fixed assets, and distributes the firms data in segments of Dividend Payout Groups and Asset Groups. Primarily, Dividend Cash has a strong negative impact on capital spending; it explains that in order to finance additional fixed investment firm needs to sock cash by reducing their dividend. Cash flow, Sales, and Q Ratio having a positive coefficient demonstrates that with an increase in future cash flows, the firm will improve its capital spending. A relationship has been developed between the firms investment decision and the firms financial status by Cleary (Cleary, 1999), financial status has been studied with respect to the liquidity constraints. The data is classified into groups through a discriminant analysis on basis of dividend payout policy. Groups taken into study have made possible to identify firms which are more financially constrained more likely to be investment-cash flow sensitive, furthermore, availability of internal sources of funds have a greater impact on firms with high credit worthiness, and vice versa. It has been proposed that the various ownership structures make managerial decision based on the interaction between investment and the firms liquidity constraints. The study conducted by Dedoussis Papadaki (Dedoussis Papadaki, 2010) mentioned that the management can be held separate from its ownership, even on basis of the nationality of the company. On the other hand, it also explained that the relative shareholding of CEO and the controlling shareholders can also be the basis of separation. The sample used in the study was separated and grouped on basis of dividend payout, asset size of the firm, age of the firm, source of control, and kind of ownership. On the given sampling criterion; greater asset size firms, older firms, lower Q (high investment opportunity), and high dividend payout firms showed higher cash flow sensitivity towards investment. Findings support that the Low Q, small, and new firms under the generalized model are facing asymmetric information problems. Indeed these firms are expected a priori to face financing problems that affect the cost of their external financing. On the other hand, low Q, old and low dividend firms are more likely to face managerial discretion problems that result to over-investment. The impact of Tobins Q is mainly used to determine the investment opportunity of the firm. In this article, marginal Tobins Q has been taken to evaluate the firms investment and Research Development expenditures. The asymmetric information (AI) hypothesis proposed that firms provided with a profitable investment-project may not be able to source it through internal cash flows and the high financial cost of borrowing funds externally due to lack of awareness of firms investment opportunity in the capital market. On the other hand, agency or managerial discretion (MD) hypothesis constructs the investment-cash flow relationship on the assumption that managers are well qualified in context with proficiency they obtain from managing a huge and fast paced firm and thus exceeding the wealth shareholders beyond their expectations. (Gugler, Mueller, Yurtoglu, 2004) Taking in viewpoint the impact of capital structure on the capital investment decision, firms investment demands is the more susceptible towards cost-of-capital or tax-based capital incentive. Whereas, capital structure seems irrelevant as against internal sources of funds can be effectively substituted with sources of funds generated externally. The size of the investment project can be a deterministic factor towards it. Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba (Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba, 1988) explicates that cash flow/investment relationship is more sensitive when taken in reference with firms dividend behavior. Comparison based on firms having more or less liquidity constraints can be further improved when compared on a division based on the scale of the firms, i.e. young or small firms versus large ones. This way the researchers can address the problem of firms lacking the asymmetric information. Under the impression where capital investments decisions mainly pertains to the capital structure or choosing the appropriate source of investment, Schaller (Schaller, 1993) conducted three different empirical tests to determine that information asymmetries have a huge influence on the firms investment behavior. Differences among the informational base of investors and creditors was also considered a capital market imperfection. Ownership status and age of the firms has an impact on the cost of equity financing, mature firms pay comparatively less price for it than young firms. Same aspect goes for the firms with concentrated with comparison to dispersed ownership. Borrowing is considered a more rational source for investment-projects. Pledgeable assets generate greater borrowing capacity, which afterwards makes firms invest more in pledgeable assets. As suggested by Almeida Campello (Almeida Campello, 2007), such a phenomenon can be termed as a credit multiplier. In case of financially constrained firms, a multiplier relates to the sensitivity of firms investment-cash flow relationship that is reflected as the increase in the tangible assets of the firm. Therefore, it is proposed that with fewer tangible assets firms are more likely to be financially constrained. The sensitivity of investment-cash flow relationship is evidently influenced by the tangibility of a firm, as latter discussed. Managers while making capital investment decision considers externally-sourced funds costlier, therefore, overconfident managers over assessing the profitability of an investment-project invests more when having abundant internal funds to utilize. However, deciding not to source externally in case where they are short of internal funds to generate. There has been an evidence of significant relationship between the managerial discretion and investment-cash flow sensitivity. Equity concentrated firms are more likely to be influenced by overconfident managers, unless compensation tools can be used to reduce the effects of managerial overconfidence. (Malmendier Tate, 2005) Goyal Yamada (Goyal Yamada, 2004) have explained the impact of asset pricing in the stock market against investment-cash flow sensitivity. Overvalued stock prices triggers an increased in investment spending and are cut back when stock are being undervalued, consequently, inflated prices collateral assets attract higher level of external financing. Inflationary pressures primarily determined by the economic monetary policy impacts on the variation of cost on external financing, though it reflects highly on cost of external financing, marginally impacts less on the investment-cash flow sensitivity. It has been observable that less financially constrained firms have significantly higher investment-cash flow sensitivity. Characterizations of firms based on financial constraint can sometimes create confusion. Firms having unusually high cash holdings can either be characterized as unconstrained based on the opportunities it has to invest or constrained based on the assumption that it needs to have a precautionary savings to invest in future investment projects. Therefore, financial constraints cannot be used as an influential determinant for investment-cash flow sensitivity. (Kaplan Zingales, 1997) Hu Schiantrlli (Hu Schiantarelli, 1998) put into picture the effect of general economic factors and various firms characteristics on the value of the firms net worth. Mainly financial status is the most important determinant for the level of asymmetric information problem that managers face. A strong balance sheet position can reflect good sign of firms performance which enhances the market value of the firms asset to its stake holders, mainly investors and creditors. Q models assumption also assists in determining the sensitivity of the investment-cash flow relationship, where the indicators determine the investment opportunity and the sources of funds to choose from. Understanding the market influence in proxy of q can also give a clear picture to the movements in the firms investment over a period. Net worth of firms helps manager determine if the sourcing of funds externally is a viable option in contrast to the investment opportunity which underlies. (Hubbard, 1998) Research conducted on the investment-cash flow sensitivity addresses many aspects of the firms financial strength. Further study by Calomiris Hubbard (Calomiris Hubbard, 1995) shows that when firms tax taken under investigation also reflected a significant influence on the volume of spending on investment-projects. They explored the impact of surtax margin, as a tax experiment, on the cost of internal and external funds. Surtax when levied on undistributed profits, obligate the firms to incur certain cost on the internal funds. This effects the managers decision to invest and is also reflected on the investment-cash flow sensitivity against the surtax margin. As a result to evade burden of higher cost on internal funds, firms with high surtax-margin exhibits elevated sensitivity in investment-cash flow relationship. Quan (Quan, 2002) discusses the Pecking Order theory with reference to the Modigliana-Miller proposition that works under the assumption of perfect market. Here it is stated that value of the firm is irrelevant and based on a few limitations the choice of financing can be determined via gauging the strength of the firm. These factors pertain to the imperfect market and influence the managers to make their capital investment decision. Once the assumptions are released the financing structure shows a clear picture. The association between Free Cash Flow theory and Agency theory has always been under the limelight when there is a question of retaining the undistributed profits. FCF Theory taken under consideration gives out an option to the management to hold on to excess cash sacrificing the shareholders opportunity cost. These excess funds can be generated to better internal operational efficiency or at managers discrepancy to source its investment-projects. (Wang, 2010) Research Methods The chapter explains the model used in the given research study. The study focuses on analyzing the influence of Cash Flows and Tobins q on Corporate Investment. The equation represented by a dependent variable as a ratio of capital spending to the beginning net fixed asset (I/K) predicted by independent variables: (1) ratio of cash flow to the beginning gross fixed asset (CF/K), and (2) beginning Tobins q (Q). Method of Data Collection Main source of collecting the required data is from secondary sources. It includes the Balance Sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Company listed in Karachi Stock Exchange provided by State Bank of Pakistan consisting of data of our relevant variables. The data was taken in annual terms to conduct this research. Sampling Technique The Convenience sampling or grab or opportunity sampling would be use in this research. Sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. Sample Size The sample period taken under study covers 8-years period beginning at the start of 2000 and ending at the close of 2008. The data was taken from a sample of 70 (non-banking and non-financial) companies which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange and included in KSE-100 index. Research Model Statistical technique Ordinary Least Square Regression technique is used to study the impact of variables included in the study. It helps studies the relationship between a dependent variable and several independent variable. It also assumes the relationship to be linear or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“straight line,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? where the values of predictors lies directly proportional to Criterion variable. SPSS Software is used to develop the regression model and evaluate the influence of predictors on dependent variable. Results Findings and interpretation of results Aggregate Sample: Table : Represents the model summary of regression estimates for the full sample of 69 firms The predictors, i.e. main effects of Cash Flow and Tobins q and an interaction variable of both combined, included in the model explains 78.5% of Investment (Table 1) shown mentioned as R Square. Least variation in Adjusted R Square suggests that the variable to observation ratio in the given model is sufficient. Casewise diagnostic was also conducted to eliminate the outliers in the data to improve the results. Table : Studies the F-statistics to test whether the model predicts the dependent variable significantly The F-statistics (Table 2) is significant and it determines the regression model with the given predictors can significantly predict the outcomes at a 0.05 significance level. Table : The parameter estimation for full sample of 69 firms with respect to dependent variable, t-statistics is used to test the null hypothesis ÃŽÂ ²1 = ÃŽÂ ²2 = ÃŽÂ ²3 = 0 The coefficient values of all predators included in the test are significant at a 0.05 significant level (Table 3), which shows that they have a strong influence on the investment of the firm. The standard coefficient shows that Cash Flows have a much greater impact on Investment than market value on the firm, which is exemplified through Tobins q. Dividend Payout groups: Table : Presents the sample statistics for 69 KSE listed (non-banking and non-financial) companies which are included in the KSE-100 index. The three rows distribute the statistics into High, Medium, and Low payout policies. Average dividend-to-income ratios of greater than 0.35, between 0.35 and 0.10, and less than 0.10 define High, Low, and Medium dividend-payout firms, respectively. While studying the dividend-payout groups (Table 4), the descriptive helps to identify characteristics to confirm whether the data being studied has the authenticity and the behavior pattern which commonly related to the groups assigned. The values of Investment, Cash Flow, and Tobins q associated with the groups are in complete correspondence with the hypothetical occurrence. Firms having a higher (lower) dividend payout have greater (lower) market value, and lower(higher) level of cash flows and investments. Table : Represents the model summary of regression estimates of 69 firms split by High, Medium, and Low dividend-payout policies. The model helps explains 81.9%, 66.7%, and 80% data in High, Medium, and Low dividend-payout firms (Table 5), shown in R Square. Least variation in Adjusted R Square suggests that the number of observations is sufficient with respect to variables in each group separately. Table : Studies the F-statistics to test the null hypothesis of ÃŽÂ ²1, H = ÃŽÂ ²1, M = ÃŽÂ ²1, L The F-statistics (Table 6) in each dividend payout group is significant and it determines that each regression model with the given predictors can significantly predict the outcomes at a 0.05 significance level. Table : Shows the parameter estimation for each payout groups with respect to dependent variable, t-statistics is used to test the null hypothesis ÃŽÂ ²1 = ÃŽÂ ²2 = ÃŽÂ ²3 = 0 The coefficient values of predators in High and Low dividend payout groups are all significant at a 0.05 significant level (Table 7), which shows that they have a strong influence on the investment of the firm. Except for Medium dividend payout group, which has insignificant coefficient values of Tobins q, showing no impact on the investment. The standard coefficient shows that Cash Flows have a much greater impact on Investment than market value on the firm, which is exemplified through Tobins q. Hypothesis Assessment Summary Hypothesis Independent Variables B t Sig. Comments Firms cash flow having a significant impact on its capital investment will be linked with high Q values. (FCF Theory) Cash Flow ÃÆ'— Q H0: ÃŽÂ ²3 ÃŽÂ ²3,H = .135 5.295 .000 Rejected ÃŽÂ ² 3,M = .072 .991 .324 ÃŽÂ ² 3,L = .140 5.482 .000 Firms being liquidity constrained due to least payout will have significant investment-cash flow sensitivity, and will be linked with high Q values in the market. (PO Theory) Cash Flow ÃÆ'— Q HA: ÃŽÂ ²3 >0 ÃŽÂ ² 3,H = .135 5.295 .000 Accepted ÃŽÂ ² 3,M = .072 .991 .324 ÃŽÂ ² 3,L = .140 5.482 .000 Dependent Variable: Investment (I/K) Table : Summarizes the results and explains that the hypothesis accepted is directly in correspondence with the aggregate hypothesis. As illustrated (Table 8) capital spending of low payout firms is positively and strongly influenced by the interaction term, consistent with the PO hypothesis, the parameter estimate for the high payout firms are also positive but marginally significant. Conclusion, Discussions, Implications And Future Research Conclusion The results illustrated above demonstrates that the positive relationship between the degree of the Investment-Cash flow relationship and Q represented latter in the aggregate data (Table 3) is concentrated in low or no dividend paying firms. This finding is in further support with the PO hypothesis. Discussions The objective was to study and test the causes of universal relationship between Cash Flow and Investment Spending. Hence, two hypotheses were included in the research to study the source of this relationship: the free cash flow hypothesis (FCF) hypothesis, which works on the assumption that managers prefer investing its free cash flow excessively into investment projects that are not profitable, and the pecking order hypothesis (PO) purports that managers are prone to investment comparatively less than the opportunity provided due asymmetric information-induced liquidity constraint. As advocated in favor of Pecking Order Theory by (Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba, 1988) and many others, for groups which consists of small firms with low-dividend payout to fund capital spending, exhibits heavy reliance on cash flow and cash changes. The relationship can be more significantly studied when the impact of larger q value is associated with this group. Evaluating the impact of corporate governance on investment-cash flow relation requires a critical judgment as to how do the firms cash flow and the existing market value influence the investment decision. Financially constraint firms may have a larger impact on liquidity associated matters and managers might take discretion in choosing the right sources to tap. Agency cost may be involved in making such a decision where managers may consider paying dividend as a higher opportunity cost as it reduces the firms free cash flow to exploit new profitable investment projects. Implications and Recommendations In the current market situation where external pressures existing can also be taken into proxy. When managers making a capital investment decision they need to take in view other non-financial aspects that also influences the decisions to a certain extent. Furthermore, financial intermediaries having a certain level of involvement and sharing information sensitive to the market can also be a major factor that might be giving a varying result against Investment. Investing in profitable-investment projects can bring in greater resources to the firm in future and it entails a huge decision burden upon the shoulders of the managers. Shareholders expecting to earn a greater return through investing in them can also be undermined when manager decided to have a low payout policy. Funds generated internally is a possibility where there is a healthy cash flow, but it is also preferable if this free cash is invested into marketable security for allocating the resources into a profitable venture for a time being to make it a positive impression. Future Research In future studies there may be more aspects of cash flow-investment relationship which can be studied for assessing the degree impact it has on this relationship, i.e. sales, debt performance, capital structure, firm size, etc. The research study may also be improved if the observation of firms are increased that will in turn reflect a more clear picture about the relationship in the current scenario.

Compare and contrast Anne Hathaway and Frau Freud in Duffy’s Essay

Compare and contrast Anne Hathaway and Frau Freud in Duffy’s collection The World’s Wife There are both similarities and contrasts between ‘Anne Hathaway’ and ‘Frau Freud ‘One of the mail similarities between the two poems are the sexual references in both poems , the structure of the poems and that they are both written in a women’s voice. One of the main similarities between the poems is that they are both written by wives of two very famous men, William Shakespeare and Sigmund Freud. There are also similarities in the fact that there are sexual references in both of the poems. In ‘Anne Hathaway’ she uses these sexual connotations as a way of explaining why Shakespeare did leave her the second best bed. â€Å"The bed we loved in was a spinning world/of forests, castles, torchlight, clifftops, seas/where he would dive for peals.† In ‘Frau Freud’ the poem contains a list of euphemism for penises that men use. Duffy or Frau Freud uses these synonyms to completely debunk Freud theories with this list that brings the readers attention to Freud’s theories of the male obsession with the penis. The women in the two poems both enjoy sex, Anne Hathaway comments on how she and her husband shared their love with their actions and words. In ‘Frau Freud’ she also says that she enjoys sex â€Å"I’m as au fait with hunt-the-salami/as Ms M. Lewinsky" Another similarity between the two poems is that they are both written in sonnet form. They both contain fourteen lines and are written as a sonnet for two specific reasons. ‘Anne Hathaway’ is written in sonnet form because it was Shakespeare’s most famous and memorable form of expression. Duffy also used as a way of keeping Anne Hathaway’s love for her husband alive ... ...igraph to the poem is an extract from Shakespeare’s will which supposedly insults Anne Hathaway, but Anne explains in her sonnet to the people outside of their marriage that she would not want their best bed because this was not the bed they loved each others in. â€Å"as he held me upon that next best bed† Overall the similarities that can be seen between the two poems are mostly superficial comparisons and are not really relevant to the main themes of the poems. Even the similarities have contrasts within them, for example they are both about relations with their husbands and their sexual relationships. But Anne Hathaway looks upon Shakespeare with love and compassion, Frau Freud sees Freud as obsessive and has no emotions towards him and sees sex as a merely physical activity. So I must conclude that the poems contrast more than they are able to compare.